Aviation News Talk – General Aviation Podcast

414 Epic E1000 N98FK Crash at Steamboat Springs: LNAV+V Advisory Glidepath Trap

Flying an RNAV (GPS) approach with LNAV+V can look and feel like flying an LPV: centered needles, a glidepath diamond, and an approach mode that looks “fully coupled.” The difference is protection. LPV and LNAV/VNAV guidance is evaluated and obstacle-protected down to a decision altitude. LNAV+V is advisory vertical guidance. It can be a great stabilized descent aid to the MDA, but it is not a guarantee of obstacle clearance below minimums.

In this episode, Max analyzes the crash of N98FK, an Epic E1000, near Steamboat Springs/Bob Adams Field (KSBS). The flight came in at night into mountainous terrain with a lowering ceiling. Minutes before the accident, reported conditions still showed good visibility but broken cloud layers, and the altimeter setting was 30.16. That combination—night, terrain, and marginal weather—is exactly where “looks right on the PFD” can be a lethal trap.

KSBS has three instrument procedures. The VOR/DME-C is not authorized at night. The RNAV (GPS)-E is aligned with runway 32 but publishes only circling minimums because the descent from the last fix to the runway would require an unusually steep path. The RNAV (GPS) Z RWY 32 is the only procedure that publishes straight-in LNAV minimums, but its minimums are higher and the chart includes important restrictions and warnings that matter to this accident.

Max then walks through what the ADS-B ground track and barometric altitude data show. Laterally, the airplane flew a clean inbound path that closely matched the RNAV (GPS) Z RWY 32 final course. Vertically, the profile started out “textbook.” After correcting the baro altitudes for the 30.16 altimeter setting, the airplane crossed the FAF MABKY essentially overhead and only about 90 feet above the published at-or-above altitude (10,800 feet). It crossed the stepdown fix WDCHK essentially on altitude as well, only about 15 feet above the published at-or-above 9,100 feet (the MDA).

And then it didn’t level off. Instead of holding 9,100 feet until the runway environment was in sight and the pilot was legally and safely able to continue, the airplane kept descending. The last recorded point was around 8,240 feet—roughly 860 feet below the MDA—near terrain that tops out around 8,250 feet on Emerald Mountain. The descent angle stayed remarkably consistent from the intermediate segment through impact, with no sign of an MDA level-off. That consistency fits a common scenario: the autopilot was coupled to the LNAV+V advisory glidepath and simply kept flying down the path.

That leads to the legal and practical heart of the episode: when can you descend below an MDA on a nonprecision approach? Max reviews the three requirements in 91.175(c): the required flight visibility, at least one specified visual reference for the intended runway distinctly visible and identifiable, and being continuously in a position to land using normal maneuvers and a normal rate of descent. Until those are true, you level at MDA. Full stop. “But I’m on the glidepath” is not a criterion.

Max also explains why pilots get surprised by +V. Many expect the autopilot to capture altitude at MDA. But if you’re coupled to any glidepath, many autopilots will continue down the path unless you command a level-off. If you want to stop at MDA, you must actively select a vertical mode that holds altitude at the right time. That’s a systems/automation issue layered on top of the fundamental decision-making issue: don’t descend below minimums without the required cues and clearance.

Finally, Max decodes a chart note that many pilots gloss over: “Visual Segment – Obstacles” and, on some charts, “34:1 is not clear.” Those are warnings that obstacles penetrate the visual segment evaluation surface. In plain English, the visual segment may not be clear of terrain if you descend below MDA before you have the runway environment and can maneuver visually. Max discusses how the FAA’s 34:1 and 20:1 concepts relate to obstacle evaluation in the visual segment, and why these notes matter most at night and in mountainous terrain, when you may not see the hazard until it is too late.

To drive it home, Max recounts flying the same RNAV (GPS) Z RWY 32 in a simulator and hitting the same mountain when the autopilot was coupled to the advisory glidepath. He also explains why moving-map “relative terrain” may not save you: alerts can come late, and the colors can lull you into thinking you’re protected when you’re not.

If you fly IFR—especially in mountainous terrain—treat LNAV+V as a stabilized descent tool to the MDA, brief the notes, know what your autopilot will do at minimums, and deliberately transition to a level-at-MDA mindset unless and until you truly have the runway environment and can land normally.

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413 Cirrus G3 Vision Jet: CPDLC Datalink + 6-Adult Cabin (Matt Bergwall) — AOPA President Job + GA News

Max talks with Matt Bergwall, Executive Director of the Vision Jet Product Line at Cirrus, about the just-announced Cirrus G3 Vision Jet—and before that, he offers an unusually personal look at what the AOPA President’s job actually requires.

Max opens by explaining that he interviewed for the AOPA President role twice and uses that experience to outline what makes the position difficult and consequential. In his view, the job is not simply “being the public face of GA.” It demands relentless travel to connect with members, lawmakers, regulators, and stakeholders—while still maintaining a strong day-to-day presence at headquarters to lead a sizable staff. He also emphasizes the fundraising reality: membership dues matter, but major donors increasingly drive what’s possible, especially as traditional advertising revenue has eroded across media. Max argues that regardless of opinions about leadership changes, AOPA’s advocacy work and member services—like the hotline—can be meaningful to pilots, and he encourages continued support for the organization. He also describes the way top roles like this are typically filled: boards often rely on executive search firms and closed candidate pipelines rather than a standard “job posting” process.

Then the focus shifts to the Vision Jet G3. Matt explains the G3 changes through a pilot-centric lens: what’s different in capability, how it affects workload, and what it feels like in real use. One headline upgrade is cabin practicality. Cirrus designed the G3 so six adults can fit comfortably, while still maintaining seven seat belts. That might sound like a simple seating tweak, but Matt describes it as a serious engineering effort that required deep iteration with mockups, real-world body sizes, and attention to the small geometry problems that make the third row either tolerable or miserable. The end goal was not only more capacity, but a better experience for passengers in the back—especially when the airplane is used as family transportation rather than a four-person luxury machine.

On the performance side, Matt notes that Cirrus increased the airplane’s MMO by 0.01 Mach, which equates to roughly 7 knots of additional true airspeed in certain cruise conditions and can also help during descents and arrivals. He frames the gain as less about bragging rights and more about flow: small speed margins can matter when mixing with faster traffic in busy terminal environments. He also explains the “why” behind the change: rather than a dramatic redesign, the team “sharpened their pencils,” did additional flight testing, and validated that the aircraft had enough performance and safety margin to raise the limit. Max asks whether that might also yield a slight range improvement, and Matt says it can—though it’s hard to quantify cleanly—while still being a meaningful, felt benefit on colder days when the throttle might otherwise need to pull back.

A major avionics headline is CPDLC / ATC Datalink. Matt describes it as a system long familiar to airlines, increasingly available in U.S. centers and at many larger airports for text-based clearances. The practical advantage is removing the most error-prone part of IFR communication: copying down complex clearances and route changes while juggling frequency congestion. With datalink, pilots can receive clearances as text, review them at their own pace, and—in many cases—push the routing or frequency changes directly into the avionics instead of re-typing and re-verifying everything manually. In flight, the system can reduce “did ATC call me?” uncertainty: messages arrive with a clear alert and are hard to miss. Max and Matt also touch on D-ATIS and planning advantages, including how having information in text can reduce repeated listening and make it easier to configure the airplane early.

They also cover a string of real operational refinements that make the G3 feel more modern day-to-day: improved taxi situational awareness features, taxiway routing guidance, and more capable visual-approach tools that help pilots set up patterns beyond the common “straight-in” workflow. Inside the cabin, Matt describes seat mechanism improvements that make entry and adjustment easier and more intuitive, plus passenger comfort refinements aimed at making the airplane more usable across a wider range of missions.

The result is a G3 that’s less about one giant breakthrough and more about a stack of changes that compound: a truer six-adult cabin, modest but useful speed flexibility, and datalink and avionics upgrades that reduce friction during the highest workload moments of an IFR trip. Max closes with the practical ownership layer—what this means for buyers thinking about price and programs—so listeners can translate “new features” into real-world value.

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412 Cirrus SR22T N17DT Stall Crash: Flaps Retracted on Low-Power Approach + GA News

Max talks with Rob Mark about the fatal crash of Cirrus SR22T N17DT near Shelbyville, Indiana, and why this accident is so instructive for any pilot who flies approaches at low altitude with high workload. The NTSB’s probable cause centers on inadequate airspeed and an aerodynamic stall, but the real value is in the flight data that shows how the airplane got there: low power held for an extended period, repeated stall warnings, multiple ESP interventions, and flaps that ultimately remained retracted until impact.

This episode matters because it’s rare to have this level of detail. The NTSB recovered onboard data that captures dozens of parameters multiple times per second—far more than you usually get from ADS-B alone. Max describes how the NTSB published extensive graphs and also released a spreadsheet of recorded parameters. The spreadsheet didn’t include position data, so Max combined it with ADS-B track points and interpolated the missing locations to create a second-by-second reconstruction. The result is a cockpit-style view that shows airspeed, pitch attitude, power, flap position, stall warning activations, and ESP engagement together—so you can see the chain of events, not just the endpoint.

The key factual finding: the engine was operating normally. The “partial engine failure” theories that circulated right after the crash don’t hold up against the final report and recorded parameters. Instead, power was pulled back to a very low setting—about 15%, roughly 10–11 inches of manifold pressure—and held there. That’s close to a landing-power setting, which means airspeed and energy must be managed carefully to avoid drifting toward stall, especially if configuration changes.

The second key finding is configuration. The flap record shows the flaps briefly at about 50% and then transitioning to 0%. Later, the data shows the flaps again toggling, but ultimately the airplane ends up with flaps retracted and stays that way until the crash. That detail is not cosmetic—stall speed is strongly affected by flap setting. In a low-power approach, retracting flaps increases stall speed and requires a different pitch picture and energy plan. If the airplane is flown as if it has more lift available than it actually does, airspeed can silently bleed away.

As the airplane slowed, the recorded data shows repeated stall warning activations in the final minute, and ESP (Envelope Stability Protection) engaging multiple times. ESP is designed to help discourage pilots from exceeding the envelope by nudging pitch and roll back toward safer values, but it can’t create airspeed or altitude. It’s a guardrail, not an autopilot that can save a low-altitude slow-speed situation once the margin is gone. In the reconstruction, stall warnings and ESP engagement cluster around the periods when the airplane is slow, pitched up, and operating near the edge of the envelope.

Witness observations align with a low-altitude stall sequence. A driver on a nearby interstate described the airplane as very low, appearing to “hang,” then making a sharp turn. The witness observed a wing drop and rapid rocking from one wing vertical to the other before the aircraft disappeared behind trees and a fireball was seen seconds later. The NTSB’s recorded data similarly shows the airplane slowing near stall speed followed by a loss of control consistent with a stall at low altitude.

The practical lessons are direct and transferable to any airplane, not just a Cirrus. First, treat any stall warning on approach as a command—not a suggestion. You don’t troubleshoot while the airplane is approaching the critical angle of attack. Your first move is to reduce angle of attack (unload) and regain airspeed. Second, make configuration errors harder to commit and easier to catch. Flap position is not a “set it and forget it” item when workload is high. Use callouts, verify indications, and confirm the pitch picture matches the configuration you think you have. Third, recognize that “low-power” plus “slow” plus “turning” is the classic trap. Bank increases stall speed, and when you’re low, you don’t have the altitude budget to recover from a stall break and wing drop.

Finally, this episode reinforces a mindset: the accident wasn’t one bad second; it was a sequence of small choices and small drifts that added up to zero margin. The data shows multiple warning opportunities—stall horn and ESP events—before the final loss of control. The goal for listeners is not to judge the pilots. It’s to build habits that make this chain harder to start, easier to detect, and easy to abandon early. When the airplane is telling you it’s running out of margin, believe it—then reset the approach while you still have altitude to spare.

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411 Vision Jet SF50 Landing Gear Collapse: Wrong Lever After Touchdown +GA News

Max talks with Rob Mark about a classic “simple mistake with big consequences” scenario: a pilot who possibly raised the landing gear handle instead of selecting flaps up during the landing roll in a Cirrus Vision Jet. The event looks minor on the surface—no injuries and the airplane stayed on the runway—but it exposes a human-factors trap that can bite any retractable-gear pilot, especially when you’re trying to be quick and efficient right after touchdown.

The discussion centers on the NTSB’s final report for a Cirrus SF50 Vision Jet that landed at Watsonville Municipal Airport (Watsonville, California) on August 9, 2024. The pilot reported a normal approach and landing. Before touchdown, he had the flaps set to 100% and saw three green landing gear indications. Touchdown itself was uneventful. But during the landing roll—right about when braking began—the nose landing gear collapsed.

Max and Rob walk through what the data showed. On short final, the airplane was properly configured: flaps at 100% and the landing gear down and locked. During rollout, both weight-on-wheels switches were briefly “unloaded,” and the landing gear handle was raised and then lowered. That sequence unlocked the nose gear and allowed it to collapse. The main gear also unlocked, but it re-locked before collapsing. The probable cause boiled down to an inadvertent control selection: the pilot likely moved the gear handle instead of selecting the flap switch to 0%.

From there, they unpack why this kind of error is so believable. The flap selector switch sits below the landing gear handle, and many pilots develop a post-touchdown habit of “cleaning up” quickly. Some of that comes from short-field technique: retracting flaps can put more weight on the wheels, increase braking effectiveness, and reduce stopping distance. But the exact moment you’re tempted to do it is also the moment you have the least spare attention. You’re still fast, directional control still matters, braking is being modulated, and you’re managing the transition from flight to rollout. Add fatigue, distraction, or a slightly different cockpit flow than usual, and a wrong-control grab becomes completely plausible.

A big takeaway is that landing isn’t over at touchdown. Many pilots subconsciously relax as soon as the mains touch, as if the hard part is done. In reality, the landing roll is when you still have a lot of kinetic energy and limited margin for distraction. Looking down, changing configuration, or reaching for cockpit controls before you’re stabilized is how small errors turn into big repair bills. Max and Rob emphasize that “post-landing tasks” are optional until the airplane is clearly under control and slowing.

So what should pilots do differently? Their answer is intentionally boring: slow the flow down. On most runways there is no operational need to rush flap retraction during rollout. Keep your eyes outside, keep the airplane tracking straight, and let speed decay. If you choose to retract flaps on rollout, treat it like a checklist item, not a reflex. Touch the correct control deliberately, verify what you’re touching, and use a short verbal callout (“flaps zero”) before you move it. Better yet, tie configuration changes to safer triggers—below taxi speed, after exiting the runway, or after stopping and running the after-landing checklist—so you’re not doing “extra tasks” while still managing high speed and directional control.

They also discuss building habits that are resistant to error. If your technique is “as soon as I touch down, I do X,” you’re training your hands to move before your brain has finished verifying the right target. Replace that with a pause that forces confirmation, or a flow that keeps critical controls physically and mentally separated in time. The goal isn’t to be fast; it’s to be consistent and correct.

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410 Cirrus SR22 Safety: Stabilized Approaches and Go-Around Accident Lessons

Max talks with Mark Waddell of the Cirrus Owner and Pilots Association (COPA) about how Cirrus pilots can reduce accidents by focusing on the places where the accident chain most often begins: unstable approaches, indecisive go-arounds, and delayed choices during power-loss events. They discuss what pilots are doing in the cockpit that turns routine flights into incidents, and what specific habits and training standards reduce that risk.

Mark explains that 2025 included eight fatal Cirrus accidents and twelve CAPS saves. Mark argues that the big safety wins come from addressing repeatable patterns: how pilots manage energy on final, how quickly they reject a bad approach, and how early they commit to the safest outcome when the engine isn’t reliable.

A major theme is decisiveness in abnormal situations, especially anything involving power. Mark walks through how power-loss or engine-roughness events can seduce pilots into flying a normal pattern and hoping things stabilize. That often burns altitude and distance in exchange for false comfort. The operational hazard is simple: the moment a pilot realizes the runway is no longer assured, they’re already low, already out of options, and now forced into rushed decisions. Mark emphasizes that when the engine is uncertain, “normal” is the enemy. The airplane doesn’t care that the pattern looked tidy; it only cares whether you end up with a survivable outcome.

This ties directly into CAPS decision-making. Mark’s message is not “CAPS solves everything,” but rather that pilots need an explicit decision framework that prevents them from negotiating with themselves while altitude evaporates. He discusses the idea of a CAPS hard deck—an altitude by which, if a pilot is not certain of a safe landing outcome, they commit to pulling the handle. The point of a hard deck isn’t to remove judgment; it’s to remove hesitation. If you wait until you’re low, you’ve converted a controlled, survivable deployment into a desperate last-second attempt. In that sense, the hard deck is less about the parachute and more about training the pilot’s brain to act early enough for any option to work.

From emergency decisions, the discussion moves to the most universal risk zone: landing and go-around. Mark notes that a large share of reportable events occur during landing or during an attempted go-around. That makes this phase-of-flight a high-leverage target for training, standards, and self-discipline. The trap is that approaches feel “fixable” until they suddenly aren’t. Pilots often rationalize small deviations—slightly fast, slightly high, slightly untrimmed—because they believe they can correct it in the last few hundred feet. But each late correction is an energy trade, and those trades frequently end with excessive speed over the threshold, a flat touchdown, a bounce, or a rushed go-around.

They get specific about the “flat landing” pattern. Mark challenges a common cultural habit: equating “smooth” with “good.” In many airplanes—and especially in a fast, slick airplane—chasing smoothness can encourage a flatter attitude and higher speed, which increases the chances of touching down on the nose gear or loading it too early. That can lead to nose-gear abuse, shimmy events, prop strikes, and expensive engine tear-downs.

Max reinforces the technique side: trimming matters. If pilots are muscling the airplane through configuration changes and final approach, they’re behind the airplane before the flare even begins. A well-trimmed airplane is easier to slow, easier to pitch correctly, and easier to land in the right attitude without forcing it onto the runway.

Go-arounds get treated as a primary skill, not a backup plan. Mark describes why late go-arounds are especially dangerous: if a pilot waits until a bounce or a deep, unstable touchdown attempt, the airplane is close to the ground, slow, and in a configuration that can punish abrupt changes. The go-around itself is not complicated, but it requires coordinated execution: power comes in, right rudder counters yaw, pitch is managed to prevent an excessive nose-up attitude, and configuration changes are timed rather than rushed. A common failure mode is trying to do everything at once—adding power, retracting flaps too aggressively, and pitching up—creating a stall-prone situation at the worst possible altitude.

Mark’s guidance pushes pilots toward objective gates: if the approach isn’t stable by a defined point, you go around—period. The pilots who get into trouble tend to have elastic standards. They keep moving the goalposts because they want the landing to work. Mark argues that consistency is the cure: standardized stabilized-approach criteria, practiced go-arounds that feel routine, and an acceptance that a go-around is not a failure, it’s good judgment.

They also address proficiency and recency, emphasizing that safe performance is less about total hours and more about how frequently a pilot is flying and practicing the right skills. Mark points out that annual hours correlate strongly with landing outcomes; low annual utilization can create a false sense of competence because the pilot has experience, but not recent repetition. The solution isn’t heroic flying—it’s structured practice: recurring instruction, intentional go-around reps, and consistent standards that prevent “drift” back into sloppy technique.

To make those standards stick, Mark advocates data-driven debriefing. Instead of relying on subjective feel—“that was fine”—pilots can use post-flight tools, such as FlySto and ForeFlight’s Cloud Ahoy, to evaluate approach stability, speed control, glidepath consistency, and touchdown energy. The goal isn’t chasing a score; it’s finding patterns that predict future mistakes. If your data repeatedly shows fast thresholds, unstable vertical paths, or late corrections, you now have something specific to train. Mark’s point is blunt: most pilots don’t need more aviation wisdom; they need feedback that’s objective enough to change behavior.

The episode’s bottom line is that Cirrus safety is not about secret techniques. It’s about earlier decisions, tighter standards, and repeated practice in the phases of flight where accidents are born. Nail stabilized approaches, normalize early go-arounds, commit sooner in power-loss scenarios, and use honest debriefing to identify risk trends before they turn into an NTSB report.

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409 Statesville Citation 550 Crash (Greg Biffle): New ADS-B Clue & Rain-Induced Illusions

Max talks with host Scott Hamilton of WBT, Charlotte’s News Talk radio, about the Statesville, North Carolina Citation 550 crash that killed NASCAR driver Greg Biffle and six others, then expands the conversation with a fresh technical finding and a practical training takeaway for pilots. While preparing for the short radio interview, Max revisited the ADS-B track and noticed something he hadn’t seen anyone else write about: the altitude anomaly isn’t merely a “jump,” it’s an impossible spike.

The key number is stark. The ADS-B data shows a reported climb of 1,374 feet in 1.64 seconds, which implies a climb rate of almost 50,000 feet per minute—a rate that doesn’t make sense for a Citation.

Max’s point is that this isn’t a real aircraft maneuver; it’s a data or sensor-path artifact. What makes it more compelling is what happens immediately beforehand: for 34 seconds, there were 14 ADS-B transmissions in a row with the exact same reported altitude.

That kind of perfectly flat series is abnormal even if an aircraft is “steady,” because pressure altitude reporting typically wiggles at least a little from sample to sample.

Max lays out a simple, pilot-intuitive interpretation: the aircraft was likely climbing normally, but the altitude value feeding ADS-B froze for about 34 seconds and then unfroze, “catching up” in one big correction.

If you treat that 1,374-foot change as occurring across the 34-second freeze rather than across 1.64 seconds, you get a climb rate around 2,200 fpm—entirely plausible for a departing Citation.

About 20 seconds after the correction, the aircraft turned back toward the airport.

Max also notes there is audio where a pilot announces on CTAF they are returning because they were “having issues,” and he believes those “issues” were likely altimeter/altitude-related rather than a direct cause of the crash.

From there, he turns the discussion into something useful for any pilot: how altitude gets measured, encoded, and transmitted—and what kinds of failures can create misleading outputs. In the Citation 550, there are multiple static ports feeding pilot-side and copilot-side instruments, plus potentially additional static sources feeding backups.

Depending on the configuration, ADS-B altitude can be sourced through a blind encoder tied to the static system, an air data computer, or an encoding (“coding”) altimeter common in older round-gauge aircraft.

The operational point: pilots might see one thing on their instruments while the transmitted pressure altitude shows something else—or the opposite—depending on where the fault lives.

Max then shifts to the accident sequence on return. Regardless of what prompted the turnback, he argues the crash itself likely occurred on short final for a different reason: visual illusions in rain and degraded visibility.

The aircraft struck the approach lighting system short of the runway threshold, which is exactly the kind of outcome that can happen when pilots subtly, unknowingly fly a shallow or low path while “going visual.”

He emphasizes that we don’t yet know the cause with certainty, but absent evidence of an engine failure on short final, illusions are a credible explanatory bucket—and one pilots can learn from immediately.

The primary illusion he highlights is water refraction. Rain on the windshield can make the horizon appear lower than it is, which creates the sensation of being higher than you really are—leading to an unconscious nose-down correction and a lower-than-intended glidepath.

He also cites guidance that rain, mist, and limited slant visibility reduce and distort visual cues during the instrument-to-visual transition, exactly when pilots are most vulnerable to subtle errors.

These effects are also documented in Flight Safety Foundation’s ALAR “Visual Illusions” briefing note, which specifically calls out rain-on-windshield refraction and the way rain can change the apparent intensity/brilliance of approach lighting.

Max closes with a concrete “do this next time” list. First, if you accept a visual in marginal conditions, load the ILS and use it to back up the visual—it would have shown a low path before contact with approach lights.

Second, he discusses a tech-forward defense: using Garmin visual approaches (the NTSB recovered a Garmin GTN 750 from the wreckage) and tools like Pathways in synthetic vision to help maintain a stable vertical picture.

But he adds a blunt warning that pilots routinely get wrong: Garmin visual approaches do not guarantee terrain clearance, and in hilly terrain or limited visibility they can route you into terrain unless you’ve validated them in good conditions.

The takeaway is simple: when your eyes can lie, disciplined cross-checking—and knowing the limitations of your tools—is what keeps you off the lights and on a safe path to the runway.

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408 Aerobatic Training for Pilots: How Upset Recovery Prevents Loss of Control — Dr. Catherine Cavagnaro

Max talks with Dr. Catherine Cavagnaro about how aerobatic training builds safer, more confident pilots by reducing loss of control, improving stall and spin awareness, and shortening the startle response. Although many pilots associate aerobatics with airshows or extreme flying, this conversation reframes aerobatic training as a practical safety tool that directly applies to everyday general aviation operations.

Catherine explains that the core value of aerobatic training lies in learning where “the edge” of aircraft control really is. Many pilots are taught to avoid stalls and spins at all costs, which can unintentionally create fear rather than understanding. Aerobatic training deliberately takes pilots past that edge in a controlled environment so they can see, feel, and understand what happens beyond it. Once pilots truly understand where that boundary lies, they are far better equipped to avoid unintentionally crossing it during normal flight.

A major theme of the discussion is loss of control, which remains one of the leading causes of fatal aviation accidents. Catherine describes how many loss-of-control events are not caused by a lack of knowledge, but by startle response and improper control inputs under stress. When something unexpected happens—such as an uncommanded roll, a botched go-around, or a developing stall—pilots often freeze for several seconds or react instinctively in exactly the wrong way. Aerobatic and upset-recovery training helps shorten those “extended dumb moments” by making unusual attitudes familiar rather than frightening.

Catherine shares real-world examples from her experience as a Designated Pilot Examiner. In one case, a commercial pilot applicant mishandled a power-off stall by applying aileron instead of reducing angle of attack, which aggressively drove the aircraft into a spin. The pilot then added power while still stalled, compounding the problem. Catherine explains that this reaction mirrors what has been seen in fatal airline accidents, where pilots pulled back and applied aileron during stall events instead of pushing forward. These moments highlight why understanding stalls, spins, and proper recovery techniques is essential well beyond the private pilot level.

A key technical takeaway from the episode is the importance of angle of attack. Catherine emphasizes that losing directional control is a clear sign of an impending stall, and that rudder alone is often insufficient to stop a departure once it begins. Simply pushing forward on the controls—reducing angle of attack—can immediately end the event. Aerobatic training reinforces this lesson repeatedly, helping pilots build instinctive, correct responses rather than relying on rote memorization.

The conversation also explores how control authority changes with airspeed. Catherine explains that pilots tend to be overly gentle on the controls when flying slowly, particularly near the ground during takeoff and landing. Ironically, that is precisely when larger, more deliberate control inputs are required. Aerobatic maneuvers such as loops, rolls, and Immelmann turns vividly demonstrate how sluggish controls become at low airspeeds and high angles of attack, making these lessons stick in a way that textbooks cannot.

Max and Catherine discuss how aerobatic training is structured at her school. Rather than offering single “thrill ride” flights, Catherine teaches aerobatics as a multi-day course that includes extensive ground instruction before every flight. This ensures pilots understand exactly what will happen before experiencing it in the air. The goal is not to impress or intimidate, but to build confidence, predictability, and mastery. Students perform most of the flying themselves, which further reinforces learning and reduces anxiety.

Another practical aspect of the episode focuses on managing motion sickness. Catherine shares wisdom passed down from aerobatic legend Bill Kershner, including the stages of nausea—Normal, Not So Much Fun Anymore, Sweat on Upper Lip, and the point of no return. Recognizing these stages early allows instructors to intervene before discomfort escalates. Simple strategies such as eating light meals beforehand, keeping airflow on the face, tensing abdominal muscles during high-G maneuvers, and ensuring students have their hands on the controls can make a significant difference.

The discussion also touches on upset-recovery checklists used in airline training, such as “Push, Roll, Power, Stabilize.” Catherine notes that while these checklists are effective, pilots must practice the full sequence under stress. Knowing only the first step—pushing forward—without following through can leave an aircraft in an equally dangerous situation. Aerobatic training provides the repetition needed to execute these steps smoothly and correctly when it matters most.

Ultimately, the episode makes a compelling case that aerobatic training is not about becoming an aerobatic pilot. It is about becoming a better, safer pilot in any airplane. By replacing fear of stalls and spins with understanding and respect, aerobatic training equips pilots with a deeper mental and physical toolkit. Whether flying a simple trainer or a high-performance aircraft, pilots who understand the edge—and have practiced operating near it—are better prepared to keep themselves and their passengers safe.

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407 Starting a Flight School with The Flight Academy

Max talks with John Fiscus, co-founder of The Flight Academy, and Director of Operations Jordan Ming to break down how one of the country’s most respected Cirrus-focused training organizations was created, expanded, and refined over more than two decades. Whether you’re an instructor considering the entrepreneurial leap, a pilot curious about how flight training businesses operate, or someone fascinated by the evolution of modern GA training, this conversation delivers clear, practical insights rooted in real experience.

John opens with the origin story behind The Flight Academy—one shaped unexpectedly by the aftermath of 9/11. Before starting the company, John was an instructor and corporate pilot for Cirrus Aircraft, preparing for an airline career. When airline hiring collapsed overnight, he and colleague Luke realized they could not compete with furloughed, highly experienced pilots suddenly entering the market. But they also saw a growing demand: Cirrus owners nationwide needed instructors who truly understood their aircraft. Many local CFIs didn’t yet have the expertise or avionics familiarity that early-generation Cirrus owners required. That gap created an opportunity.

Instead of opening a traditional flight school with airplanes and an office, John and Luke launched The Flight Academy in 2002 with a completely different model. They owned no airplanes, no local training fleet, and no physical facility. Instead, they traveled around the country teaching owners in their own Cirrus aircraft. This approach dramatically reduced overhead while giving customers access to specialized training. What seemed unconventional at the time turned out to be the ideal way to enter the market, and demand steadily grew.

As the business matured, the founders recognized the need for a home base and added a small office at Boeing Field. Eventually, they purchased their first aircraft—not a leaseback, but a nearly new Cirrus that offered strong depreciation benefits and made financial sense for the business. Today the school operates 13 aircraft across two locations—Seattle and the Portland area—supported by eight to ten instructors, depending on season and demand. About 70–80% of all hours flown at The Flight Academy are dual instruction, a reflection of their focus on high-quality training rather than simple aircraft rental volume.

Jordan explains that this training-centric model shapes everything about how the business operates. The Flight Academy books training in full-day or half-day blocks, giving instructors and clients the freedom to adapt to weather, focus on deep learning, and avoid the churn of hourly scheduling. Their instructors also spend significant time traveling to clients, giving them a unique range of experience compared to CFIs who fly the same local routes every day. Many instructors make multiple coast-to-coast flights before reaching the airlines, which sets them apart in both skill and confidence.

Beyond daily training, the school has diversified its business through multiple complementary revenue streams. John describes their history of Atlantic ferry flights, delivering both new and pre-owned Cirrus aircraft to Europe. He also recounts the dramatic ferry incident—captured on video—in which a malfunctioning transfer tank forced a ferry pilot to deploy the Cirrus parachute into the Pacific. That experience eventually led the team to discontinue Pacific ferrying, though they continue to complete many Atlantic deliveries.

Another major offering is their Vision Jet program, which includes discovery flights, pre-type-rating preparation, and training support. Luke also works with Arista to support the Vision Jet pre-owned market, creating a powerful ecosystem that blends aircraft sales, owner transitions, and specialized instruction. Jordan emphasizes that this interlocking structure allows the team to provide a seamless experience for owners, from first flight through long-term advanced training.

Perhaps the most distinctive part of The Flight Academy’s identity is their adventure trips—all-inclusive guided flying experiences to destinations such as Alaska, Morocco, the Caribbean, Europe, and New England during fall foliage season. These trips sell out consistently and create long-lasting friendships among participating owners. Jordan notes that many pilots appreciate having experts plan the hotels, customs logistics, activities, and daily flight legs—allowing them to simply enjoy the journey and the aircraft.

When it comes to hiring CFIs, John is clear: “We don’t hire pilots. We hire teachers.” A strong instructor mindset matters more than flight time or ratings. He looks for individuals who demonstrate genuine interest in the business, a thoughtful approach to training, and the professionalism needed to work with sophisticated clients. He also shares hard-earned lessons about policies, cancellations, contracts, and pricing—key areas where many new flight school owners struggle.

The episode closes with candid advice for CFIs considering launching their own school. Jordan stresses the importance of accepting that owners will fly less and manage more, while John encourages thoughtful planning and learning from others who have successfully done it. Their message is hopeful but realistic: starting a flight school is absolutely possible if you approach it with a solid plan, a clear mission, and a commitment to delivering exceptional training.

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406 Flying Tails: Ken Wayne’s Amazing Animal Rescue Flights with Bears, Eagles & Wildlife

Max talks with former KTVU 2 and KRON 4 anchor Ken Wayne, founder of Flying Tails, about his extraordinary animal rescue flights involving bear cubs, bald eagles, coyotes, and dozens of shelter animals across California. Drawing on his past experience as a Navy journalist, Ken describes the path that led him from military broadcasting to a major-market news career—and ultimately to a mission that blends aviation with wildlife rescue.

Ken’s journey began at the Navy’s Defense Information School, where he learned print reporting, photography, radio, and TV production. His service assignments took him from the Aleutian Islands to the Mediterranean aboard the USS Biddle, and finally to Subic Bay in the Philippines, where he hosted a radio show and shot television stories for the Far East Network. He also frequently traveled by helicopter and even completed a carrier landing in a COD aboard USS Midway, building a deep appreciation for aviation.

Years later, after buying a Cessna 182 and flying with friends, Ken discovered animal rescue missions through Pilots N Paws. His breakthrough came when he responded to a call seeking transport for two bear cubs from South Lake Tahoe to Ramona. That flight—completed the day before a long-planned trip to Paris—set the tone for what Flying Tails would become. The TV story went viral, helped earn him an award from the U.S. Humane Society, and brought new awareness to the potential of using GA aircraft for wildlife operations.

Since then, Flying Tails has become California Fish & Wildlife’s go-to aviation nonprofit. Ken describes rescuing seven bear cubs in one summer, including a tiny Ventura County cub that had to be bottle-fed by caregivers wearing bear suits to prevent human imprinting. That cub later lived in a world-class bear enclosure in Sonoma County before returning to the wild near Ojai. Another cub, found hairless in the El Dorado National Forest, was flown to the Sequoia Park Zoo after it was deemed unfit for winter survival.

Flying Tails also rescues countless cats and dogs from overwhelmed Central Valley shelters. Ken recounts missions involving 21 animals at once—14 puppies found in a garbage bag, kittens injured in a tent fire, and dozens of animals who were mere hours away from being euthanized due to lack of space. He explains why animals move northward in California, where adoption demand is higher and shelter capacity more manageable.

The organization’s wildlife work includes transporting owls, hawks, raptors, and a bald eagle Ken released at Lake Almanor—a moment he describes as one of the most exhilarating of his life. Wildlife crates are lined with burlap to prevent feather damage, and after each flight, aircraft are disinfected to prevent disease transmission. Gloves, tie-downs, and careful weight-and-balance planning are essential parts of every mission.

Emotionally, Ken says what keeps him going is watching animals shed their fear during flight. Many board the airplane scared, panting, or stressed from heat, only to fall asleep within 20–30 minutes at altitude. When the airplane lands in cooler Bay Area air, the animals appear visibly relieved. That shift—from fear to calm—is what Ken believes makes these missions so rewarding for pilots.

Flying Tails is expanding rapidly. Ken recently premiered the first episode of his new PBS series Flying Tails, available on the PBS app, showcasing these missions and the beauty of California from the air. His long-term vision is to establish Flying Tails bases nationwide, enabling wildlife flights for sea turtles, alligators, wolves, and more.

Pilots interested in joining the mission can sign up at FlyingTails.org or reach Ken directly.

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405 Aviation Safety Lessons from Todd Conklin: Human Factors, Margin & Mistakes

In this episode of Aviation News Talk, we begin with the developing details In this episode of Aviation News Talk, Max sits down with renowned safety expert Dr. Todd Conklin to explore some of the most important aviation safety lessons pilots can learn from Human & Organizational Performance (HOP)—a framework rooted in human factors, systems thinking, and the realities of how people actually perform in complex environments. Todd’s work has shaped safety programs across multiple high-risk industries, and in this episode he explains how these ideas translate directly to aviation, both for professional pilots and general aviation flyers.

Todd begins by reframing how pilots should think about safety. Safety is not a static condition or something you “have” because you passed a checkride; instead, safety is a capacity, similar to fuel, that must be built, protected, and constantly replenished. This capacity includes time to think, margin for error, resilience, and the ability to recover when something goes wrong. When pilots allow that capacity to shrink—through rushed planning, complacency, or pressure—they lose the very buffer that keeps small mistakes from becoming accidents.

Max and Todd dive into the first HOP principle: people make mistakes. This simple truth is foundational in human factors but often overlooked in aviation culture. Many pilots implicitly believe that if they just try hard enough, they can deliver perfect performance, yet every flight includes small deviations and errors. The key isn’t eliminating mistakes—it’s ensuring the system has enough margin so those mistakes don’t cascade into failures.

This leads to the second principle: blame fixes nothing. Todd explains that blaming pilots for errors obscures the real question: What conditions made that mistake possible? Max shares an example from a flight club where an accident prompted a search for someone to blame. Todd counters that meaningful safety improvement comes from understanding system interactions rather than assigning fault.

They then discuss the third HOP principle, learning is vital. High-reliability organizations routinely debrief their successes—not just failures—because the same system dynamics that allow a successful flight may also allow a failure under slightly different conditions. Todd notes that curiosity is one of a pilot’s most important safety tools; pilots who continuously seek to understand their environment develop stronger mental models and better decision-making under pressure.

The conversation then moves into one of the most powerful HOP principles: context drives behavior. Todd explains that people behave differently depending on the setting, expectations, and formality of the environment. Airline pilots operate within a highly formalized culture—uniforms, checklists, cockpit procedures, and CRM—that creates predictable behavior and reduces variability. GA pilots, by contrast, have to formalize their own environment, since they don’t benefit from the same structure. Simple habits, like always dressing appropriately, using a structured briefing, or maintaining personal minimums, help create a context that supports safer flying.

Finally, Todd discusses the last major HOP principle: how leaders respond matters. For pilots, this includes how they respond to their own errors, near-misses, and close calls. Near-misses, Todd says, are “gifts”—accidents without consequences—that provide an ideal opportunity to identify weak controls or missing margin. He distinguishes between near-miss good, where robust controls allowed recovery, and near-miss lucky, where the pilot simply avoided disaster by chance. Both are important signals, and both must be studied with honesty and without blame.

Todd brings these concepts to life with vivid examples, including his well-known “Kenny the Alligator Wrestler” story and his experience working with Admiral John Meyer and the U.S. Navy’s aircraft carrier operations. Through cross-training, structured practice, and better system understanding, the Navy dramatically reduced ground-handling incidents on carrier decks—reinforcing how resilience and margin must be intentionally built into high-risk operations.

Max and Todd close by emphasizing that aviation safety advances through learning, innovation, curiosity, and margin, not perfection. For pilots, this means consistently planning ahead, making conservative decisions, building buffer into every phase of flight, and embracing the idea that mistakes are inevitable—but accidents don’t have to be.

This episode equips pilots with a deeper understanding of human factors, risk management, and the practical application of HOP principles, offering a richer, more realistic framework for staying safe in today’s increasingly complex flying environment.

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